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Analysis of C-reactive Protein as an Inflammation Biomarker in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Received: 16 September 2023     Accepted: 9 October 2023     Published: 28 October 2023
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Abstract

C-reactive protein is a non-specific acute phase reactant produced by the liver and endothelial cells. Inflammation or acute infections cause a rise in C-reactive protein, which can be measured to determine the risk of cardiovascular disease. The hs-CRP test can detect CRP at lower concentrations because it is more sensitive, making it more effective than conventional CRP testing methods. This study aimed determine the relationship between hs-CRP levels and fasting blood glucose, and to examine whether there were differences in hs-CRP levels in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus with or without hypertension, in Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. A total of 123 diabetes mellitus patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Subjects were tested for blood pressure, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, and hs-CRP levels. The correlation between hs-CRP and fasting blood glucose had a correlation coefficient (r) 0.404 and p-value 0.000 (<0.05). The average hs-CRP level in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with hypertension was 148.8 ± 24.9 mg/dL and 55.1 ± 54.0 mg/dL without hypertension. In conclusion, there was a significant relationship between hs-CRP and fasting blood glucose levels, and type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with hypertension also had greater hs-CRP levels than those without hypertension. This suggests that hs-CRP can be used to evaluate a diabetic patient's risk for cardiovascular disease.

Published in International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology (Volume 8, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijde.20230804.12
Page(s) 50-53
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting Blood Glucose, hs-CRP

References
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[2] Purwanto DS, Mewo YM, Jim EL, Laloan RJ, Raranta HPT, Kepel BJ. Electrolyte levels analysis on diabetes mellitus patients in Noongan Regional General Hospital, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. IJDE. 2020; 5 (4): 54-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20200504.11.
[3] Pamungkas RA, Chamroonsawasdi K. Family functional-based coaching program on healthy behavior for glycemic control among Indonesian communities: A quasi-experimental study. Oman Med J. 2020; 35 (5): e173-e173. doi: 10.5001/omj.2020.115.
[4] Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Hasil Utama RISKESDAS 2018. Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2018.
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[6] Banait T, Wanjari A, Danade V, Banait S, Jain J. Role of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-crp) in non-communicable diseases: A review. Cureus. 2022; 14 (10): e30225. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30225.
[7] Vinod AM, Ganesh A, Manikandan M, Rakchna M. Relationship between serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in South Indian population. Biomedicine. 2023; 43 (01): 310-316. doi: 10.51248/.v43i01.1537.
[8] Kawamoto R, Tabara Y, Kohara K, Miki T, Kusunoki T, Takayama S, et al. Association between fasting plasma glucose and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: gender differences in a Japanese community-dwelling population. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011; 10 (1): 51. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-51.
[9] Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, Larrea-Sebal A, Siddiqi H, Uribe KB, et al. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (17): 6275. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176275.
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[12] Banerjee D, Winocour P, Chowdhury TA, De P, Wahba M, Montero R, et al. Management of hypertension and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in adults with diabetic kidney disease: Association of British Clinical Diabetologists and the Renal Association UK guideline update 2021. BMC Nephrol. 2022; 23 (1): 9. doi: 10.1186/s12882-021-02587-5.
[13] Lastra G, Syed S, Kurukulasuriya LR, Manrique C, Sowers JR. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2014; 43 (1): 103-122. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.005.
[14] Ghule A, Kamble TK, Talwar D, Kumar S, Acharya S, et al. Association of serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein with pre-diabetes in rural population: a two-year cross-sectional study. Cureus. 2021; 13 (10): e19088. doi: 10.7759/cureus.19088.
[15] Shih YL, Lin Y, Chen JY. The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome in an elderly population aged 50 and older in a community receiving primary health care in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19 (20): 13111. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013111.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Diana Shintawati Purwanto, Sylvia Ritta Marunduh, Stefana Helena Margaretha Kaligis. (2023). Analysis of C-reactive Protein as an Inflammation Biomarker in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia . International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, 8(4), 50-53. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20230804.12

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    ACS Style

    Diana Shintawati Purwanto; Sylvia Ritta Marunduh; Stefana Helena Margaretha Kaligis. Analysis of C-reactive Protein as an Inflammation Biomarker in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia . Int. J. Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023, 8(4), 50-53. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20230804.12

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    AMA Style

    Diana Shintawati Purwanto, Sylvia Ritta Marunduh, Stefana Helena Margaretha Kaligis. Analysis of C-reactive Protein as an Inflammation Biomarker in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia . Int J Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;8(4):50-53. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20230804.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijde.20230804.12,
      author = {Diana Shintawati Purwanto and Sylvia Ritta Marunduh and Stefana Helena Margaretha Kaligis},
      title = {Analysis of C-reactive Protein as an Inflammation Biomarker in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
    
    	
    },
      journal = {International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology},
      volume = {8},
      number = {4},
      pages = {50-53},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijde.20230804.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20230804.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijde.20230804.12},
      abstract = {C-reactive protein is a non-specific acute phase reactant produced by the liver and endothelial cells. Inflammation or acute infections cause a rise in C-reactive protein, which can be measured to determine the risk of cardiovascular disease. The hs-CRP test can detect CRP at lower concentrations because it is more sensitive, making it more effective than conventional CRP testing methods. This study aimed determine the relationship between hs-CRP levels and fasting blood glucose, and to examine whether there were differences in hs-CRP levels in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus with or without hypertension, in Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. A total of 123 diabetes mellitus patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Subjects were tested for blood pressure, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, and hs-CRP levels. The correlation between hs-CRP and fasting blood glucose had a correlation coefficient (r) 0.404 and p-value 0.000 (<0.05). The average hs-CRP level in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with hypertension was 148.8 ± 24.9 mg/dL and 55.1 ± 54.0 mg/dL without hypertension. In conclusion, there was a significant relationship between hs-CRP and fasting blood glucose levels, and type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with hypertension also had greater hs-CRP levels than those without hypertension. This suggests that hs-CRP can be used to evaluate a diabetic patient's risk for cardiovascular disease.
    },
     year = {2023}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Analysis of C-reactive Protein as an Inflammation Biomarker in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
    
    	
    
    AU  - Diana Shintawati Purwanto
    AU  - Sylvia Ritta Marunduh
    AU  - Stefana Helena Margaretha Kaligis
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20230804.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijde.20230804.12
    T2  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
    JF  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
    JO  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
    SP  - 50
    EP  - 53
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2640-1371
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20230804.12
    AB  - C-reactive protein is a non-specific acute phase reactant produced by the liver and endothelial cells. Inflammation or acute infections cause a rise in C-reactive protein, which can be measured to determine the risk of cardiovascular disease. The hs-CRP test can detect CRP at lower concentrations because it is more sensitive, making it more effective than conventional CRP testing methods. This study aimed determine the relationship between hs-CRP levels and fasting blood glucose, and to examine whether there were differences in hs-CRP levels in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus with or without hypertension, in Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. A total of 123 diabetes mellitus patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Subjects were tested for blood pressure, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, and hs-CRP levels. The correlation between hs-CRP and fasting blood glucose had a correlation coefficient (r) 0.404 and p-value 0.000 (<0.05). The average hs-CRP level in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with hypertension was 148.8 ± 24.9 mg/dL and 55.1 ± 54.0 mg/dL without hypertension. In conclusion, there was a significant relationship between hs-CRP and fasting blood glucose levels, and type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with hypertension also had greater hs-CRP levels than those without hypertension. This suggests that hs-CRP can be used to evaluate a diabetic patient's risk for cardiovascular disease.
    
    VL  - 8
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    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia

  • Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia

  • Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia

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